Earliest major postglacial culture of hunting and gathering in Japan, 10,000–300 bc, divided into six phases. This early culture, its relics surviving in shell mounds of kitchen midden type around the coasts of the Japanese islands, had pottery but no metal. The pottery was heavy but elaborate, especially in the modeling of its castellated rims. The term Jomon means “cord marked,” reflecting the characteristic decoration of the pottery with cord-pattern impressions or reliefs. One of the earliest dates in the world for pottery-making has been established as c. 12,700 bc in Fukin Cave, Kyshu. Other artifacts, of stone and bone, were simple; light huts, round or rectangular, have been identified. Burials were by inhumation, crouched or extended. The Jomon was succeeded by the Yayoi period. There are over 10,000 Jomon sites divided into the six phases: Incipient (10,000–7500 bc), Earliest (7500–5000 bc), Early (5000–3500 bc), Middle (3500–2500/ 2000 bc), Late (2500/2000–1000 bc), and Final (1000–300 bc). Widespread trading networks and ritual development took place in the Middle Jomon. Rice agriculture was adopted during the last millennium bc. The origins of Jomon culture remain uncertain, although similarities with early cultures of northeast Asia and even America are often cited.
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